Biography of Zhou Enlai

Born March 5, 1898, the word XIANGYU. Pet name, luan. Formerly known as Fei Fei, Wu Hao, a small mountain, crown Health. Shaoxing, Zhejiang origin, was born in Huai'an, Jiangsu. Into the Tianjin Nankai secondary school in 1913. Studied in Japan in 1917. 1919 to return home. Participate in the May Fourth Movement in Tianjin, the organization Juewu She engaged in anti-imperialist, anti-feudal revolutionary activities. 1920 to 1924 have gone to France and Germany, work-study program in Europe, Chinese students and workers to promote Marxism, launched the organization in Europe Chinese Youth Communist Party (later renamed the Chinese Socialist Youth League, in Europe). 1921 transferred to the Communist Party of China (Zhang Shenfu description), he was appointed as the total branch secretary of the Socialist Youth League in Europe, and participated in the leadership of the Chinese Communist Europe branch, covering more work from the early founding a significant role. Returned from Paris in August 1924, former political director of the Whampoa Military Academy, the First Army of the Political Department of the National Revolutionary Army, the chairman of the CPC Guangdong and Guangxi District Standing Committee, and Minister for Military Affairs, presided over the establishment of the party of the direct leadership of the Revolutionary Armed Ye Ting Independent Regiment . In February 1925, October, led by the first and second conquests, to consolidate and develop the revolutionary base in Guangdong and the Northern Expedition made a significant contribution. 1926 in Guangzhou Peasant Movement taught military courses, the same year to Shanghai in the winter, the Central Military Commission, secretary of the CPC Central Committee's Army secretary and Communist China Jiangsu and Zhejiang District. March 1927 led the third armed uprising of the Shanghai workers to win; led the Nanchang Uprising in August, fired the first shot to the Kuomintang reactionaries, have made important contributions to create a people's army, during the intifada of the CPC front committee secretary. The same month in the Chinese Communist "87" meeting, was elected alternate member of the Central Political Bureau. 1928 to attend the party of six, made a report on the military and organizational issues at the meeting. In Shanghai, adhere to the underground work, any Ministers of the Organization of the CPC Central Committee, secretary of the Central Military Commission has published "resolutely purge within the party all non-proletarian consciousness" and the "CPC Central Committee to the Fourth Army Front Committee's Letter of Instruction". The Central Revolutionary Base in December 1931, he served as the Chinese Communist Soviet Central Bureau secretary, general political commissar of the Red Army and the first aspect Jun Zhengwei, Vice-Chairman of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission. 1933 Spring and Zhu De led and directed the fourth against "encirclement and suppression" war, and achieved a major victory. Zunyi Conference in January 1935, strong support for Mao's correct line, for the establishment of Mao Zedong's leadership position in the Party, played a very important role. After the Zunyi Conference, still served as Vice-Chairman of the Central Revolutionary Military Committee, and served as a member of the central three-member military command group. Of the CPC in December 1936 Plenipotentiary to negotiate with Chiang Kai-shek was arrested in Xi'an, the peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident. Anti-Japanese War, he served as secretary of the CPC Central Committee representatives and the South Bureau, and served as Vice Minister of the Committee of the Political Department of the KMT government military, long-term work of the party and united front work in the KMT government seat of Wuhan, Chongqing. August 1945 and Mao Zedong in Chongqing, with the KMT struggle to negotiate the signing of the "Double Ten Agreement, the CPC delegation stay in Chongqing and Nanjing. November 1946 from Nanjing to return to Yan'an. Kuomintang troops focus in March 1947 when he moved to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region in northern Shaanxi in August the same year, the Central Military Commission Vice Chairman and Acting Central Military Commission, Chief of General Staff. September 1948, to participate in leadership and command of Liaoning Shenyang, Tianjin, Huaihai three battles, in November the same year, he was appointed vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, Chief of Staff, to overthrow the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang, the armed seizure of power, create a new socialist China. immortal deeds.
    , Served as Prime Minister, Foreign Minister (concurrently) after the founding of the CPC Central Military Commission Vice President, the first session of the CPPCC National Committee Vice-Chairman, Chairman of the second and third. Eighth, Tenth Central Committee, vice chairman of the fifth member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party Politburo member of Communist China six to tenth, the Sixth CPC, the Seventh CPC Central Committee, Politburo Standing Committee of Chinese Communist eight to tenth, the CPC The fourth National People's Congress representatives.
    Responsible for handling the day-to-day affairs of the party and the country at the same time, Mao Zedong formulated the party's socialist construction line, principles and policies; several developing the national economy, five-year plan, he personally presided over the development and organization and implementation. 1960 to adjust, consolidate, enrich and improve the policy, and a series of measures, the national economy has successfully restored and developed. The vast majority of Chinese intellectuals intellectuals of the working people, science and technology in China's modernization drive has a key role in view of great significance in the socialist construction. In international affairs, participate in the formulation and personally to execute a major foreign policy decisions, a series of specific guidelines and policies in diplomatic work, and creatively implement the Party's revolutionary foreign policy line. 1954, initiated the famous Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. In April 1955, the Chinese delegation to attend the first Asia-Africa Conference, the Conference adopted the ten principles of the Bandung Conference, based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 1961, to attend 12 of the CPSU two large, the behavior of the Khrushchev group to split the international communist movement, waged a resolute struggle. "Cultural Revolution", the overall situation, hard working, in order to continue normal work of the party and the country, to minimize the loss for the protection of a large number of inside and outside the party cadres, painstaking, and with the conspiracy of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing counterrevolutionary clique forms of struggle. Raised in the Fourth National People's Congress on behalf of the party: the full realization of the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense and science and technology in this century, the ambitious plan to go in the world so that our national economy. After I became ill in 1972, has always insisted.
    January 8, 1976 passed away in Beijing at age 77.
    The major works compiled for the "Selected Works of Zhou Enlai.
    Mrs. Yingchao.

Mao Zedong's Biography

Mao Zedong (1893 ~ 1976): the great Marxist, proletarian revolutionary, strategist and theorist, Communist Party of China, the People's Liberation Army and the People's Republic of China of the main founders and leaders. Xiangtan, Hunan Province. December 26, 1893, was born in a peasant family. When the new military uprising after the Revolution broke out six months soldiers. 1914 ~ 1918 study in the Hunan First Normal School. Xinmin Society, the eve of graduation, and Hesen Organization revolutionary groups. The May Fourth Movement before and after exposure to and acceptance of Marxism in 1920 to create a communist organization in Hunan.
    In July 1921, the first National People's Congress attended the Chinese Communist Party, he served as the CPC Hunan Committee secretary, leading Changsha, Anyuan workers' movement. 1923, to attend the third CPC National People's Congress, was elected a Central Executive Committee, to participate in the work of the central leadership. The KMT-CPC cooperation after 1924, the KMT first, the second National People's Congress were elected as alternate central executive committee members, who hosted the sixth peasant movement in Guangzhou KMT's Acting Minister of Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee, editor of political weekly . In November 1926, the secretary of the CPC Central Committee Farmers' Movement Committee.
    1925 winter solstice, the spring of 1927, has published the analysis of the various social classes, "the Peasant Movement in Hunan Report writings, pointed out that the issue of farmers in an important position in the Chinese revolution and the leadership of the proletariat, the extreme importance of the peasant struggle and criticized Chen Duxiu's rightist ideology.
    Full rupture of the KMT-CPC cooperation, the CPC Central Committee emergency meeting in August 1927, his regime is achieved by the barrel of a gun, thinking that the revolutionary armed seizure of power, and was elected alternate member of the Central Political Bureau. After the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan, Jiangxi border leadership. Then rate the mutinous troops Jinggangshan, launched the agrarian revolution, the creation of the first rural revolutionary base. 1928, joined forces with Zhu De led by mutinous troops, the establishment of the Workers 'and Peasants' Revolutionary Army (soon renamed the Red Army) Fourth Army, he served as party secretary of the Front Committee, Zhu De as Army Commander. He was the main representative of the Chinese Communists from the reality of China, the KMT regime, the relatively weak rural development of armed struggle, creating encircling the cities from rural areas, and finally captured the city and the National Road to Power. In the red regime Why can exist? "A single spark can start a prairie fire" and other writings from the theory expounded on this issue.
    May 1930, write "Oppose Book Worship," and proposed the famous thesis, "No investigation, no right to speak". In August, the Red Army First Front Army was established, to Ren Zongzheng Governance Committee. In 1931, the interim government of the Chinese Soviet Republic was established in Ruijin, Jiangxi, was elected Chairman. 1933 by-election for a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. Since the end of 1930, with Zhu De led the Red Army defeated the Kuomintang troops repeatedly "encirclement and suppression". Represented by Wang Ming, "left" after the dump line leadership group to enter the Central Revolutionary Base, Mao Zedong excluded from the Party and the Red Army leadership, they perform different strategies and policies, resulting in the fifth against "encirclement and suppression" the war is lost. In October 1934, participated in the Red Army Long March. The Long March, in January 1935 the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau in Guizhou Province held an enlarged meeting (ie, the Zunyi Conference) established a new central leadership represented by Mao Zedong. In October, the CPC Central Committee and the Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi, the end of the Long March. In December, for "On Tactics Against Japanese imperialist strategy" to clarify the anti-Japanese national united front policy. In October 1936, the Red Fourth Army and the Red Army Long March and arrive in Gansu Province, has joined forces with the Red Army. Xi'an Incident in December the same year, with Zhou Enlai and others to promote a peaceful solution by the Civil War to the Second Kuomintang against Japan the current situation to convert hub. December 1936, wrote "China's Revolutionary War strategic issues. The summer of 1937, wrote "On Practice" and "On Contradiction.
    After the start of the War of Resistance Against Japan, led by the CPC Central Committee with his adhere to the principle of independence in the united front, efforts to mobilize the masses, carried out behind enemy lines, guerrilla war, the establishment of many large anti-Japanese base areas. Most of these anti-Japanese base in the mountainous areas of North China, but also some in the Hebei Plain and northern Jiangsu plain. October 1938, the Communist expansion of the Sixth Plenary Session of the guiding principles of "Marxism in China". Anti-Japanese War, he published "On Protracted War", "<Communists foreword," On New Democracy "and other important works. 1942, led the whole party to carry out the rectification movement, correct subjectivism and sectarianism, the whole Party to further understand the basic direction of combining the universal truth of Marxism-Leninism and the concrete practice of the Chinese revolution, in order to win the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the victory of the revolution laid the ideological foundation. 1943, the base of the leading soldiers and civilians to carry out production and movement, through a serious economic difficulties. In March the same year, was elected Chairman of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau. 1945, hosted the Seventh CPC National People's Congress for the "On Coalition Government" report. Established by the General Assembly "let go and mobilize the masses, expanding the power of the people, under the leadership of my party, defeating the Japanese aggressors, liberate the whole people, to establish a new democratic China" strategy. Mao Zedong Thought in the conference was identified as the guiding ideology of the Chinese Communists. Date from the seventh a plenary session until his death in 1976, he has served as party chairman.
    After the victory for Chiang Kai-shek's attempt to destroy the reality of the Communist Party and its armed forces, he proposed the policy of "tit for tat struggle. August 1945 went to the Chongqing negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek that the Chinese Communist Party to fight the desire of domestic peace.
    1946 summer Chiang Kai-shek launched an all-out civil war, Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, the leadership of the Chinese People's Liberation Army active defense, concentrating a superior force to destroy the enemy. March 1947 to March 1948, Zhou Enlai and Ren Bishi, fought in northern Shaanxi, commanding the Northwest battlefield and the country's liberation war. In the summer of 1947, the People's Liberation Army from strategic defense to strategic offensive, after the Liaoning-Shenyang, Huai-Hai and Beiping-Tianjin three battles and combat after crossing the Yangtze River in April 1949, overthrew the Nationalist government under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee led to his . In March 1949, hosted the Seventh CPC plenary session, and made an important report, the decision of the party's focus from the countryside to the cities, provides the basic policy of the party in the country after the victory, and called the whole party is sure to remain modest , prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in style, be sure to continue to maintain the style of hard struggle. July 1, published "On the people's democratic dictatorship", provides the basic policy of the People's Republic of the nature of the regime and its internal and external.
    October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China, he was elected Chairman of the Central People's Government. In June 1950, hosted the Seventh CPC Congress, the general task of the struggle to fight for the national financial and economic situation to improve. In October the same year, forced the U.S. military invaded the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the threat to the situation in the northeastern part of China, he led by the CPC Central Committee decided to conduct the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea. 1950 to 1952, under his leadership, land reform, the suppression of counterrevolutionaries and other democratic reforms, carried out against corruption, against waste, against the bureaucracy of the "three evils" campaign for and against bribery, against tax evasion, oppose Pirates state property, cheating against the shoddy work, the "five evils" campaign against the stealing of economic information. 1953, in accordance with his proposal, the CPC Central Committee announced the general line of the party during the transition period, started systematic socialist industrialization and socialist transformation of private ownership of the means of production. 1954, the First National People's Congress for the first time adopted by the Conference he presided over the drafting of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China "at this meeting, he was elected the first President of the People's Republic of China, in office until 1959. Anying, Songlin, Li Na in the Fragrant Hills in April 1956 for "On the Ten Major Relationships" speech in 1949, this speech were suitable for China's road of building socialism with some preliminary exploration. Then, in an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee put forward the principle of "letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend". In 1956, the socialist transformation of private ownership of the means of production was basically completed. In September, the CPC held the Eighth National People's Congress, pointed out that the main task of the people across the country has been transformed to focus on the development of social productive forces. But this approach later has not been seriously implemented, resulting in mistakes and setbacks of a series of guiding future work. In February 1957, for his "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" speech presented correctly distinguish and deal with the doctrine of socialist society, between ourselves and the enemy and the contradictions of two different types of people.
    In July, proposed to "cause there are both centralism and democracy, both discipline and freedom, both unity of will and personal ease of mind and liveliness, as a political situation". 1958, launched the "Great Leap Forward" and the rural people's commune movement. 1959, presided over the Lushan meeting was convened. He wanted to correct the perceived error, the error later in the session to launch critical for Peng, after the error in the whole party to carry out "anti-rightist" struggle. Imposed on the national economy from the 1960 winter to 1965, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee led to his "adjustment, consolidation, filling" approach, preliminary to correct the errors in the "Great Leap Forward" and the Movement of People, so that national economy to get a more rapid recovery and development. During this period, he made a series of measures, initially corrected the error of the rural work and other aspects of the "left". May 1965 weighing on Jinggangshan held in September 1962 Plenary Session of the Eighth CPC ten, his socialist society in a certain range of memory in the Class Struggle and absolute development of the anti-rightist in 1957, he struggle after the contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie is still the view of the principal contradiction in Chinese society. 1963 to 1965, launched in rural and urban socialist education movement, the proposed movement of the focus of the whole so-called "within the party of those in power taking the capitalist road". Since the 1950s, he co-leadership of the Soviet Communist Party leaders to pursue great-power chauvinism and interference in the attempt to control China waged a resolute struggle.
    In 1966, due to the extreme estimates on the situation of the domestic class struggle, he launched a "Cultural Revolution" movement, this movement is due to Lin Biao and Jiang Qing counterrevolutionary clique manipulation becomes particularly violent, far beyond his expectations and his control, as well as the continuation of a decade, so many ways by the severe damage and loss. In the "Cultural Revolution", Mao Zedong to stop and correct some of the specific error. He led the struggle to smash the Lin Biao counterrevolutionary clique, let's ambition to seize supreme leadership of Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao to succeed. In 1974, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai in the the Zhongnanhai pool living room, shook hands cordially. In foreign policy, Deng Xiaoping put forward the important thinking of "three worlds" strategy, China will never seek hegemony, and began to open a new situation in the external work to create a favorable international conditions for China's modernization drive. September 9, 1976, died in Beijing.
    Mao Zedong in his later years, although guilty of a serious error, but his life, he can not debate the merits of the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes, his achievements was the first error is the second , he is still subject to the respect of the Chinese people. Communist Party of China in five years after his death, his revolutionary activities and revolutionary ideas in the form of the resolution of the Central Committee, a comprehensive evaluation. Mao Zedong Thought as the development of Marxism in China is still the guiding ideology of the Communist Party of China. His major works include income "Selected Works of Mao Zedong" (four volumes), "Mao Zedong" (eight volumes).
    (Text data from the National History Encyclopedia of the People's Republic of China <1949-1999> Encyclopedia of China Press, July 1999)

Japanese monks of aggression against the Japanese monk destruction of relics plundered a large number of ancient books

For scholars, the study of Chinese classical novel, Otani library is not open around the term, especially the eyes of researchers in the Ming and Qing novels the Otani library is a classic that can not be replaced. It can be said that the The Otani library has become a recognized treasure house of a Chinese classic novel, this literary treasure trove of original creator, turned out to be a Japanese monk.

Otani Guangrui, Japanese Buddhist sectarian true West Honganji Temple in Section 22 on behalf of the Law of the Lord. As Japan's Taisho Emperor's brother-in-law, he had enjoyed a high social status in Japan. But as one with the Japanese invading army set foot on Chinese soil predators, the monk dressed in the cloak of cultural archeology, the damage caused to the Chinese cultural relics of the, I am afraid no one can.

Japanese monks prefer cultural archaeological

The of Lushunkou taiyanggou, in the Manchukuo period, once the political, economic and cultural center of the Northeast. Now, in the ancient buildings of the sun ditch everywhere, we can still faintly taste of its glory days.

Compared with the the Gansu Wales House, the State of Kanto Office of grand buildings, sun ditch depths of the army for a Russian-style two-story hillside is not very prominent, but very chic. Days of fine weather, sitting in the small building on the balcony, you can see not far from the Gulf of seagulls foraging. But now this small building has been a long time no one ranking extraordinarily dilapidated, so that local cultural and security sector had to be emergency repairs, maintain its Buzhi Yu collapse. However, if the clock back to over a hundred years ago, this small building, school scenery, many politicians celebrities and out of place, because, once home to a special master, the Japanese Buddhist community heavyweight People: Otani Guangrui.

Otani Guangrui born in 1876, because of their family for generations Nishi Honganji law of the Lord, so Otani Guangrui born, destined to become monks. Statistics show that the Otani Guangrui 10-year-old monk, before the age of 20, has been the heir of religious leaders in the West Honganji temple neatly. Change occurred in 1899, this year Otani Guangrui first came to China in Mainland China traveled more than a month. The trip to China, has a profound impact on the life of Otani, so that he unwittingly becomes a greedy predators from religious leaders in a surreal world.

That short trip to China, the young monk had a keen interest in ancient Chinese culture. He was studying in London, and soon will be funded since the formation of an expedition to explore the traces of Buddhism in the name of the plateau of Kashmir into China's Xinjiang region.

In fact, exploring the Buddha traces the cultural archeology is just a cover, the Otani most interested than plunder. The ancient city, ancient tomb sites, was the excavation of the Otani expedition, he and the Swede Sven Hedin expedition one, in the Xinjiang region of China launched a "Raiders of the Lost World War II".

It should be noted, and Sven Hedin, the Otani Guangrui and his expedition members have not received any archaeological training, they only know that the gravedigger, not even the most basic record-keeping do not know how to do it. That in the mining process, a large number of monuments have been devastation, there are many precious relics even the excavated sites are difficult to explain.

Otani has the organization had three expedition, hundreds of thousands of precious cultural relics in China plunder away, most of these relics by Dalian Port board to be shipped to Japan, which accounted for the largest proportion of the number of Han membership books Beituo of. It is said that only the only existing copies of these books, rare as many as thousands of volumes, the total number of over 40,000. It can be said that the three expeditions let Otani rewarding, can be a great adventure funding and post-classification of costs, Otani into a heavy financial crisis. Coupled Otani bent busy Chinese explorers, resulting in the relaxation of the Temple regulation, monks, the proliferation of corruption phenomenon, The Otani accused by public opinion and therefore was forced to resigned in 1914 the title of Earl of France owners and settlers in the second year to Dalian become a full cultural and religious affairs of the Corporation's behind-the-scenes consultant and member of the Greater East Asia Construction Committee.

A large number of rare treasures were shipped to Japan

The Otani Guangrui is a fanatical supporters of aggression against the Japanese colonial authorities to pursue the expansion, plundering policy pioneer.

1938 for the current situation in "Marco Polo Bridge Incident, wrote a book of the" China Incident Countermeasures ", strongly advocates the expansion of the war of aggression against China, this book was the Japanese Kwantung Army senior regarded as a classic, requiring a high-ranking officers Everyone reading. In addition, Otani also edited and published Xingya plan "GOA FORUM" and other books, spare no effort to advocate the "south" policy.

In addition to a frenzy of aggression against supporters, Otani a hobby, that is collecting the ancient literature of China, a lot of precious Chinese books have become collectibles usurpations. In Dunhuang, his go-getters Yoshikawa bribe small Koizumi, Wang, the Taoist, and smooth the Dunhuang Library Cave where the ancient looted. In the Loulan his other go-getters orange Ruichao geographic coordinates along the Sven Hedin find the ancient city of Loulan, and found from the ancient city of Li Bowen book that shocked the world. Li Bowen book is currently found in the earliest Chinese paper epistle physical specimens, instruments of Po-person, all the instruments found in Loulan the only one historical records contained in figure. Most scholars believe that Li Bowen book is not only an important historical and archaeological value, the calligraphy work of art is also comparable to the Preface comparable. And, as Wang Xizhi's contemporary character, Po-superb calligraphy skills to change the calligraphy, our past "post school originated in Jiangnan" understanding side to prove one of the cradles of the Northwest may also post school ".

Unfortunately, these the majority of rare Chinese books has been the Otani Guangrui a ship a ship transported back to Japan, some of which was for himself, another part was donated to the Korean Government House Museum, Museum of Kyoto, Japan, Ryukoku University Book Museum, as well as all over Japan Museum of Art, part was sold to the relics merchants. Li Bowen book, for example, is Japan, Ryukoku University Library collections.

Otani is not only greedy predators of a Chinese heritage, is also a crazy spoilers. Because he himself did not understand the archeology, the archaeological team, he uses the archaeological know nothing about the young monks, for example, found that Li Bowen book orange Ruichao was just a disgruntled 20-year-old monk, he does not know unearthed The situation at the time to do the record, so that future generations in the study of Li Bowen book, many doubts have been unable to break. These young monks in the archaeological process, often hire local people digging dig chaos, the damage caused by its ruins and monuments, and even worse than thieves.

Fortunately ancient large-scale reflux

Crazy predatory Otani rapidly becoming the world's privately-owned Chinese Classics Book ", for the proper collection of these books, Otani and even spent a lot, the personal library of a reinforced concrete structure built in Kobe" including the show ranks , was called "the mountain Library.

Who would ever have thought that ancient snatched away by Otani, but because of a special opportunity, actually lucky enough to usher in a massive reflux.

That was in April 1915, Otani Guangrui once again arrived in Dalian to attend the inauguration ceremony of Honganji Kanto homes. Full iron level is strongly invited, just resigned from the method main duties near Japanese celebrities on the spot decided not to return home, and settled in Dalian.

The Otani funded to buy at the residence is located in Port Arthur taiyanggou. Two months later, according to his instructions, the believers will be "with show home" the possession of a group of Han Ji 20000, loaded into more than 250 boxes on board arrived in Port Arthur, Kobe, was sent to Otani new homes . He also Port Arthur and Dalian as a base and, after exchanges in Shanghai, Qingdao and Taiwan, engaged with the Japanese invasion of the policy of so-called "academic translation, religious studies, inspections and other political activities, but also did not stop He continued to collect the plunder the work of the Han nationality.

Otani, get a huge subsidy from the South Manchuria Railway Company in November 1925, In return, these Chinese books deposited in the Library of the South Manchuria Railway Company, used to replenish the collection. 1930, Otani Guangrui simply these Chinese books donated to the library. At the same time, the South Manchuria Railway Library in Otani's under the guidance of a large number of collection of Han nationality, and allocate special funds to support the activities.

Otani Guangrui donation to this group of books of the South Manchuria Railway Library, 5,000 volumes of the total of the Han nationality, Western Books of about 300. Which also includes 25 kinds of Japanese wood block prints of more than 170 kinds of Japanese and Han languages, manuscripts. From the perspective of bibliography, they are almost involved in the classification of classical Chinese literature, classics, history, child, set, cluster ministries class. More than 180 species in the Ming and Qing novels, dozens of domestic and foreign only existing copies, which is no lack of rare and rare, such as Ming Edition of "cautionary yin and yang Dream", the early Qing Dynasty edition "Outlaws of the Marsh", has been recognized as a rare treasure of priceless, "wake up the flowers or the world's only complete version, the Qing Emperor Qianlong, the previous edition as much as more than 200 species. 300 Western books, mostly for the occasion of the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the writings of the missionary work in China by Western missionaries.

At that time, Otani may think that Dalian will always be their colony, so boldly these treasures back to Dalian. Unexpected outbreak of Japan's surrender in 1945, Dalian end the humiliation of being colonized, the collection in more than 5,000 copies of the full iron Library precious Han nationality, natural to return to the motherland.

As for the Otani Guangrui, shortly after suffering from bladder cancer is also the defeat of Japan, temporarily in Port Arthur, Japan hotel for two years. Until 1947, the State Council for special approval, Otani was allowed to take the ship back to Japan, and passed away the following year.

Otani Library National Cheng Kung University. Collection of national treasures

After the liberation, Otani library collection in the South Manchuria Railway Library, in addition to more than 600 copies of Dunhuang literature by the National Library of solicitation go the rest of the overall transfer to Dalian Library. "Apart from Japan in the early return of more than 250 boxes of Han nationality, Otani light Shui in Dalian to settle more than 30 years, also has been active with the South Manchuria Railway Company in various parts of China continue to plunder the Han nationality, used to replenish the collection." Dalian Library is responsible for chairing the ancient Ministry the work of Xue Lian teacher told reporters, local County, for example, the South Manchuria Railway Library will a collection of over 1000 County, covering almost all the counties in China, "After the liberation, these Chinese books mostly did not have time taken away, stay in Dalian. "For this reason, the ancient collection of Dalian Library precious, rich, and was able to have been far ahead in the national library of its kind.

Xue Lian said, Now, although the National Library has repeatedly mobilized to go batches of ancient books, but Dalian Library is still a collection of old membership over 550,000 copies of books, of which more than 260,000 copies of the ancient bindings, precious rare books 2000 variety of more than 26,000 volumes. "These are the country's wealth, especially those only existing copies of books, each of this can be said that the study of ancient Chinese history and culture of valuable literature."

Among these, the two major categories of collections the most features: First, full of iron materials is the most complete, full history of iron and scholars at home and abroad, must want to come to Dalian library information; Second, the only existing copies, rare Ming and Qing Feng number of novels, since the advent of the "Golden Lotus" to "A Dream of Red Mansions" print and publish the past 140 years are inscribed these Ming and Qing fiction is Otani library essence.

With this unique advantage, and now Dalian Library has become nationally renowned for its research base of the Ming and Qing fiction, mining has compiled and published over 200 books of the Ming and Qing novels Luoxue Tang Collection ", Dalian Ming and Qing novels in the library center along with the Jiangsu Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Novel two domestic studies Ming and Qing fiction is the most authoritative institutions.

Dalian Library Business Office is responsible for Wanglian Jun told reporters, the Otani library these novels of the Ming and Qing has not been excavated sorted out before the market in the Ming and Qing novels is the description of Beauty and erotic novels, but Otani library but a lot of the past are rare describing the customs and habits novels, officialdom novel, detective novels, has greatly enriched the types of the Ming and Qing novels, and the descendants of understanding and knowledge of social practices, rituals and other aspects of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, important frame of reference.

Chinese mitten crab

The actual Chinese language mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (also called the actual large sluice crab (Chinese language: 大閘蟹; pinyin: dà zhá xiè) as well as Shanghai furry crab, Chinese language: 上海毛蟹; pinyin: shànghǎi máo xiè) is really a medium-sized burrowing crab, called because of its fuzzy paws which seem like mittens, that's indigenous within the seaside estuaries associated with far eastern Asian countries through Korea within the northern towards the Fujian land associated with The far east within the southern. It's additionally already been launched in order to European countries as well as The united states exactly where it's regarded as a good unpleasant varieties.

Explanation as well as ecology
This particular species' differentiating functions would be the thick areas associated with darkish locks upon it's paws. The actual crab's is how big the human being hand. The actual carapace thickness is actually 30-100 millimetres (1. 2-3. 9 within) and also the thighs tend to be regarding two times so long as the actual carapace is actually broad.
Mitten crabs invest the majority of their own existence within clean drinking water, however they should go back to the ocean in order to type. Throughout their 4th or even 5th 12 months within past due summer time, the actual crustaceans migrate downstream, as well as achieve lovemaking maturation within the tidal estuaries. Following mating, the actual women carry on seaward, overwintering within much deeper seas. These people go back to brackish drinking water within the springtime in order to hatch their own ova. Following improvement because larvae, the actual teen crabs progressively proceed upstream in to clean drinking water, therefore finishing the actual existence period. [2]

Unpleasant varieties
This particular varieties may be distribute in order to The united states as well as European countries, increasing issues which this competes along with nearby varieties, and it is burrowing character damage embankments as well as blocks drainage techniques. [3][4] The actual crabs could make substantial away from the coast migrations. It had been documented within the Birmingham Night Regular within 1995 how the citizens associated with Greenwich noticed Chinese language mitten crabs appearing out of the actual Water Thames as well as shifting for the Traditional, along with other reviews show how the crabs happen to be recognized to occupy home within pools. Occasionally the actual crabs happen to be discovered countless kilometers in the ocean. There's issue within places having a considerable indigenous crab fishery, like the Chesapeake These types of within Annapolis and also the Hudson Water within Ny (each areas in which the crabs had been very first noticed within 2005), since the effect from the intrusion through this particular varieties about the indigenous populace is actually unfamiliar. [5]
It's usually unlawful in order to transfer, transportation, or even have reside Chinese language mitten crabs in the usa, [6] because unintentional discharge or even get away dangers distributing these types of crabs in order to uninfested seas. Additionally, a few says might have their very own limitations upon ownership associated with mitten crabs. [7] Ca enables angling with regard to mitten crabs along with a few limitations. [8]
The actual Chinese language mitten crab may be launched to the Excellent Ponds many times, however haven't however had the opportunity to determine the long term populace. [9]
The actual Smithsonian is actually monitoring the actual distribute from the Chinese language mitten crab as well as looking for assist to look for the present submission standing from the mitten crab within the actual Chesapeake These types of area. Individuals are urged in order to statement any kind of mitten crab sightings, together with particulars (day, particular area, dimension) as well as the close-up picture or even example of beauty if at all possible. The very first verified report across the Eastern coastline associated with america, is at the actual Chesapeake These types of close to Baltimore, Annapolis within 2005. [10]
[edit]Culinary



Furry crab because Shanghai food
The actual crab is actually the well-known treat within Shanghai food and it is valued for that woman crab roe. The actual crab beef is actually thought through the Chinese language to possess a "cooling" (yin) impact on your body. Issues happen to be elevated how the populace as well as source from the crab might be impacted due to overfishing from the varieties within the Yangtze Water.
Chinese language invest countless yuan simply to flavor a little crab through Yangcheng River that are regarded as the treat. The actual crabs price 680-700 yuan, or even approximately US$105, for each kilogram. [11] The majority of the actual Yangcheng crabs tend to be exported in order to Shanghai as well as Hong Kong, as well as high-profit international marketplaces. Answering the actual distribute from the crab towards the Western, entrepreneurs possess began viewing this like a brand new supply of crab for that Chinese language marketplace. 1 suggested plan entails adding undesirable crabs through European countries, exactly where they're seen as an insect, in order to renew nearby pure-bred share.
Mitten crabs possess showed an amazing capability to endure within extremely altered marine habitats, such as contaminated seas. [2] Such as a few seafood, they are able to additionally very easily endure as well as customer base large alloys, for example cadmium as well as mercury. Consequently, the actual harvesting as well as post-harvesting from the varieties requirements correct administration if it's utilized like a meals. [12][13]
Lately, The far east launched snack devices to market this particular varieties associated with crab within the subways. [14] The actual crabs tend to be saved from 5 °C (41 °F), that induces the tired condition associated with hibernation. The costs from the crabs vary from close to $1. 50 in order to $7. 00 (UNITED STATES DOLLAR). [15] They're assured to become clean as well as in existence.
[edit]References.

chinese Nian gao

Niángāo, 12 months dessert or even Chinese language Brand new Year's dessert is really a meals ready through glutinous grain as well as eaten within Chinese language food. It's obtainable within Hard anodized cookware grocery stores as well as through wellness meals shops. Whilst it may be consumed throughout the year, typically it's most widely used throughout Chinese language Brand new 12 months. It's regarded as best of luck to consume nian gao during this period, simply because "nian gao" is really a homonym with regard to "higher 12 months. inch The actual Chinese language term 粘 (nián), which means "sticky", is actually similar within seem in order to 年, which means "year", and also the term 糕 (gāo), which means "cake" is actually similar within seem in order to 高, which means "high". As a result, consuming nian gao has got the meaning associated with increasing yourself greater within every arriving 12 months (年年高升 niánnián gāoshēng). Also called grain dessert. This particular sticky fairly sweet treat had been thought to be a good providing in order to your kitchen Lord, using the goal which their mouth area is going to be trapped using the sticky dessert, to ensure that he or she cannot badmouth the actual human's loved ones towards the Lord of Gods (Yu Huang Da Di). [1]

Manufacturing
In spite of several types, all of them reveal exactly the same glutinous grain component that's pounded or even floor right into a insert as well as, with respect to the range, might merely end up being cast in to form or even prepared once again to stay the actual component. Nian gao offers numerous types such as the kinds present in Shanghai food, Fujian food as well as Cantonese food via Guangdong.

Kinds
Shanghai food
The actual Shanghai design is generally packed inside a heavy gentle fishing rod to become chopped up upward or even packed pre-sliced as well as possibly stir-fried or even put into soups. With respect to the cooking food technique this particular design is really a gentle to some chewy version. The actual Shanghai design retains the actual nian gao whitened, as well as created using non-glutinous grain. The colour is actually it's unique function.
Whenever offered because the meal, the most typical may be the stir-fry technique, therefore the actual title (炒年糕, chǎo nián gāo). You will find 3 common kinds. The foremost is the tasty meal, typical elements consist of scallions, meat, chicken, cabbage and so on. The second reason is the fairly sweet edition utilizing regular whitened sugars. The final edition is actually taste-less, and it is frequently eaten because of its chewy textures.


Guangdong fairly sweet nian gao, pan-fried as well as dropped within egg cell
[edit]Cantonese food
The actual Guangdong range can also be known as nian gao. It's sweetened, generally along with dark brown sugars. It's unique having a darkish yellow-colored colour. The actual insert is actually put right into a dessert skillet as well as steamed once again to stay blend. The actual player is actually steamed till this solidifies as well as offered within heavy pieces. It might be consumed because is actually. The actual nian gao gets elastic and very sticky. It is also offered like a pudding flavoured along with rosewater or even red-colored bean insert.
The following phase is actually optionally available as possible pan-fried later on, frequently along with egg cell, to create (煎年糕, jyutping: zin1 nin4 gou1; pinyin: jiān nián gāo). Whenever toast it's somewhat crispy on the exterior, as well as continues to be pasty inside. Throughout Chinese language Brand new 12 months, it's reduce in to sq . items as well as offered together with comparable dessert darkish amount meals such as taro dessert as well as drinking water saying dessert.
Within Malaysia, it's known as kuih bakul and it is frequently toast inside a meal between bits of taro or even fairly sweet spud.
[edit]Other ethnicities
Nian gao can also be broadly eaten within the Philippines throughout the Chinese language Brand new 12 months because of the Chinese language residing in the nation. Nian gao is actually referred to as tikoy (through Hokkien 甜粿) within the Philippines as well as tikay တီကေ့ within Burma.
Asia as well as Korea each possess comparable glutinous grain meals, referred to as mochi as well as tteok, respectively, although tteok may be produced along with non-glutinous grain too. This sort of tteok, that is such as the Shanghai number of niángāo, is actually typically consumed throughout Korean Brand new 12 months (identical to Chinese language Brand new 12 months) inside a meal known as tteokguk.
[edit]Combinations
Some other part of Asian countries possess combined the actual dessert along with various elements for example red-colored bean insert as well as lotus seedling insert. They're not really regarded as primary limbs or even main food variants.

Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining

The actual overwhelmingly big number of Chinese language food arrives primarily in the exercise associated with dynastic time period, whenever emperors might web host banquets along with 100 meals for each dinner. [10] The numerous quantity of imperial kitchen area personnel as well as concubines had been active in the preparing food procedure. With time, numerous meals grew to become the main everyday-citizen lifestyle. A few of the best quality dining places along with quality recipes near to the dynastic intervals consist of Fangshan cafe within Beihai Recreation area Beijing and also the Oriole Pavilion. [10] Perhaps just about all limbs associated with Hong Kong far eastern design have been in a few methods grounded in the unique dynastic cuisines.

Chinese architecture

Chinese language structures, good examples that are available through more than two, 000 in years past, is definitely the characteristic from the lifestyle. There are specific functions typical in order to Chinese language structures, no matter particular area or even make use of. The most crucial is actually it's increased exposure of thickness, since the broad halls from the Not allowed Town function for example. In comparison, Traditional western structures stress upon elevation, although you will find conditions for example pagodas.
An additional essential function is actually balance, that implies a feeling associated with splendour since it pertains to every thing through palaces in order to farmhouses. 1 significant exclusion is within the look associated with landscapes, that is commonly because asymmetrical as you possibly can. Such as Chinese language scroll art, the actual theory fundamental the actual garden's make up would be to produce long lasting circulation, in order to allow customer stroll and revel in the actual backyard without having doctor prescribed, as with character himself. Feng shui offers performed an essential component within structural improvement.